Topical Issues in Global Geophysics

McNamara, and Van Keken. “Cooling of the Earth: a parameterized convection study of whole versus layered models.” G-cubed (2000).

Davies. “Thermal histories of convective Earth models and constraints on radiogenic heat production in the Earth.” JGR (1980).

General Discussion

Hofmeister, and Chriss. “Earth’s heat flux revised and linked to chemistry.” Tectonophysics (2005).

General Reading

Ringwood, A. E. Origin of the Earth and Moon. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1979, chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4. ISBN: 9780387903699.

Related Reading Assignments

Allegre, C., et al. “Chemical composition of the Earth and volatility control on planetary genetics.” EPSL (2001).

Optional: Patchett, P. J., et al. “Lu-HF and Sm-Nd isotopic systematics in chondrites and their constraints on the Lu-Hf properties of the Earth.” EPSL (2004).

Walker, R. J., et al. “Low abundances of highly siderophile elements in the lunar mantle: evidence for prolonged late accretion.” EPSL (2004).

Optional: Brandon, A. D., et al. “186Os-187Os systematics of Gorgona island komatiites: implications for early growth of the inner core.” EPSL (2003).

Nimmo, F. “Why does Venus lack a magnetic field?” Geology 30 (2002): 987-990.

Christensen, U., and A. Tilgner. “Power requirements of the geodynamo from Ohmic losses in numerical and laboratory dynamos.” Nature 429 (2004): 169-171. (along with “News & Views” by Holme in same issue)

Smyth, J. R., and D. J. Frost. “The effect of water on the 410-km discontinuity - An experimental study.” Geophysical Research Letters 29, no. 10 (2002).

Weidner, D. J., and Y. Wang. “Chemical- and Clapeyron-induced buoyancy at the 660 km discontinuity.” Journal of Geophysical Research 103 (1998): 7431-7441.

Grove, T. L., and S. W. Parman. “Thermal evolution of the Earth as recorded by komatiites.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters (2004).

Davies, G. F. EPSL 136 (1995): 363-379.

Ballentine, C., et al. “Numerical models, geochemistry, and the zero-paradox noble-gas mantle.” Phil Trans R Soc Lond Ser A (2002).

Yamamoto, J., and P. G. Burnard. “Solubility controlled noble gas fractionation during magmatic degassing: implications for noble gas compositions of primary melts of OIB and MORB.” Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta (2005).

Ritsema, J., and R. Allen. “The elusive mantle plume.” Earth Planet Sci Lett (2003).

Montelli R., G. Nolet, F. A. Dahlen, G. Masters, E. R. Engdahl, and S. H. Hung. “Finite-frequency tomography reveals a variety of plumes in the mantle.” Science 303 (2004): 338-343.

Backround Reading

Montelli R., G. Nolet, G. Masters, F. A. Dahlen, and S. H. Hung. “Global P and PP traveltime tomography: rays versus waves.” Geophys J Int 158 (2004): 637-654.

Kellogg, L., B. H. Hager, and R. D. Van Der Hilst. “Compositional stratification in the deep mantle.” Science 283 (1999): 1881-1884.

Trampert, J., F. Deschamps, J. Resovsky, and D. Yuen. “Probabilistic tomography maps chemical heterogeneities throughout the lower mantle.” Science 306 (2004): 853-856.

Van Der Hilst, R. D. “Changing views on Earth’s deep mantle.” Science 306, Part 2 (2004): 817-818.

Becker, T. W., J. B. Kellogg, and R. J. O’Connell. “Thermal constraints on the survival of primitive blobs in the lower mantle.” EPSL 171 (1999): 351-365.

Hager, B. H., et al. “Lower mantle heterogeneity, dynamic topography, and the geoid.” Nature 313 (1985): 541-545.

Xie, S., and P. J. Tackley. “Evolution of helium and argon isotopes in a convecting mantle.” PEPI 146 (2004): 417-439.

———. “Evolution of U-Pb and Sm-Nd systems in numerical models of mantle convection.” Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (2004).

Hernlund, J. W., C. Thomas, and P. J. Tackley. “A doubling of the post-perovskite phase boundary and structure of the Earth’s lowermost mantle.” Nature 434, no. 7035 (April 14, 2005): 882-886.

Jellinek, A. M., and M. Manga. “The influence of a chemical boundary layer on the fixity, spacing and lifetime of mantle plumes.” Nature 418, no. 6899 (August 15, 2002): 760-763.

Davaille, A. “Simultaneous generation of hotspots and superswells by convection in a heterogenous planetary mantle.” Nature 402, no. 6763 (December 16, 1999): 756-760.

Sidorin, I., M. Gurnis, and D. V. Helmberger. “Evidence for a ubiquitous seismic discontinuity at the base of the mantle.” Science 286, no. 5443 (November 12, 1999): 1326-1331.

Dobson, D. P., and J. P. Brodholt. “Subducted banded iron formations as a source of ultralow-velocity zones at the core-mantle boundary.” Nature 434, no. 7031 (March 17, 2005): 371-374.

Lay, T., Q. Williams, and E. J. Garnero. “The core-mantle boundary layer and deep Earth dynamics.” Nature 392, no. 6675 (April 2, 1998): 461-468.

Buffett, B. A. “Estimates of heat flow in the deep mantle based on the power requirements for the geodynamo.” Geophysical Research Letters 29, no. 12, Art. No. 1566 (June 15, 2002).

Badro, J., J. P. Rueff, G. Vanko, et al. “Electronic transitions in perovskite: Possible nonconvecting layers in the lower mantle.” Science 305, no. 5682 (July 16, 2004): 383-386.

National Science Foundation. “Proposal Preparation Instructions.” In Grant Proposal Guide (NSF 01-2). October 2000.

Knittle, Elise, and Raymond Jeanloz. “Earth’s Core-Mantle Boundary: Results of Experiments at High Pressures and Temperatures.” Science , New Series 251, no. 5000 (22 March 1991): 1438-1443.

Buffett, Bruce A., Edward J. Garnero, and Raymond Jeanloz. “Sediments at the Top of Earth’s Core.” Science 290 (17 November 2000): 1338+.

Williams, Q., and E. Garnero. “Seismic Evidence for Partial Melt at the Base of Earth’s Mantle.” Science, New Series 273 (1996): 1528-1530.

Garnero, Edward J., and Raymond Jeanloz. “Fuzzy Patches on the Earth’s Core-Mantle Boundary?” Geophysical Research Letters 27, no. 17 (1 September 2000): 2777-2780.

Rost, Sebastian, and Justin Revenaugh. “Seismic Detection of Rigid Zones at the Top of the Core.” Science 294 (30 November 2001): 1911-1914.

Sweeney, Jeffrey S., and Dion L. Heinz. “Melting of Iron-Magnesium-Silicate Perovskite.” Geophysical Research Letters 20, no. 9 (5 May 1993): 855-858.

Holland, Kathleen G., and Thomas J. Ahrens. “Melting of (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 at the Core-Mantle Boundary of the Earth.” Science 275 (14 March 1997): 1623-1625.

Zerr, A., A. Diegeler, and R. Boehler. “Solidus of Earth’s Deep Mantle.” Science 281 (10 July 1998): 243-246.

Karato, Shun-Ichiro, Shuqing Zhang, and Hans-Rudolf Wenk. “Superplasticity in Earth’s Lower Mantle: Evidence from Seismic Anisotropy and Rock Physics.” Science , New Series 270, no. 5235 (20 October 1995): 458-461.

McNamara, Allen K., Peter E. van Keken, and Shun-Ichiro Karato. “Development of Anisotropic Structure in the Earth’s Lower Mantle by Solid-State Convection.” Nature 416 (21 March 2002): 310-314.

Merkel, Sébastien, Hans Rudolf Wenk, James Badro, Gilles Montagnac, Philippe Gillet, Ho-kwang Mao, and Russell J. Hemley. “Deformation of (Mg 0.9 ,Fe 0.1 )SiO 3 Perovskite aggregates up to 32 GPa.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 209 (2003): 351-360.

Tan, Eh, Michael Gurnis, and Lijie Han. “Slabs in the Lower Mantle and their Modulation of Plume Formation.” Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems G 3 3, no. 11 (16 November 2002): 1-24.

Manga, Michael, and Raymond Jeanloz. “Implications of a Metal-bearing Chemical Boundary Layer in D” for Mantle Dynamics." Geophysical Research Letters 23, no. 22 (1 November 1996): 3091-3094.

Fouch, Matthew J., Karen M. Fischer, and Michael E. Wysession. “Lowermost Mantle Anisotropy Beneath the Pacific: Imaging the Source of the Hawaiian Plume.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 190 (2001): 167-180.

Williams, Q., J. Revenaugh, and E. Garnero. “A Correlation Between Ultra-Low Basal Velocities in the Mantle and Hot Spots.” Science 281 (24 July 1998): 546-549.

Scherstén, Anders, Tim Elliott, Chris Hawkesworth, and Marc Norman. “Tungsten Isotope Evidence that Mantle Plumes Contain No Contribution from the Earth’s Core.” Nature 427 (15 January 2004): 234-237.

Brandon, Alan D., Richard J. Walker, John W. Morgan, Marc D. Norman, and Hazel M. Prichard. “Coupled 186 Os and 187 Os Evidence for Core-Mantle Interaction.” Science 280 (5 June 1998): 1570-1573.

Walker, Richard J., John W. Morgan, and Mary F. Horan. “Osmium-187 Enrichment in Some Plumes: Evidence for Core-Mantle Interaction?” Science , New Series 269, no. 5225 (11 August 1995): 819-822.

Glatzmaier, Gary A., Robert S. Coe, Lionel Hongre, and Paul H. Roberts. “The Role of the Earth’s Mantle in Controlling the Frequency of Geomagnetic Reversals.” Nature 401 (28 October 1999): 885-890.

Murakami, Motohiko, Kei Hirose, Katsuyuki Kawamura, Nagayoshi Sata, and Yasuo Ohishi. “Post-Perovskite Phase Transition in MgSiO 3 .” Sciencexpress, 10.1126/science.1095932 (8 April 2004).

Shim, S.-H., T. S. Duffy, R. Jeanloz, and G. Shen. “Stability and Crystal Structure of MgSiO 3 Perovskite to the Core-Mantle Boundary.” Geophysical Research Letters 31, L10603 (2004).

Lay, Thorne, Quentin Williams, and Edward J. Garnero. “The Core–Mantle Boundary Layer and Deep Earth Dynamics.” Nature 392 (2 April 1998): 461-468.