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15.968

The Sociology of Strategy

Graduate · Historical course

Spring 2005

Topics

  • An Overview of Strategic Management and its Links to Sociology
  • Networks I: Theories Relating Brokerage to Success
  • Networks II: Networks as Competitive Advantage
  • Models of Competition I: Ecological
  • Models of Competition II: Status-based
  • Models of Competition III: Role and Category-based
  • Origins I: The Founding of New Firms
  • Origins II: The Founding of New Forms
  • Strategic Change
  • Organizational Capabilities
  • Diffusion and Learning I: Process
  • Diffusion and Learning II: Channels

Readings

  • Barney, Jay B. “Strategic Factor Markets: Expectations, Luck, and Business Strategy.” Management Science 32 (1986): 1231-1241.
    Listed reading
  • Carroll, Glenn R. “A Sociological View on Why Firms Differ.” Strategic Management Journal 14 (1993): 237-249.
    Listed reading
  • Porter, Michael E. “What is Strategy?” Harvard Business Review 74 (1996): 61-78.
    Listed reading
  • Sorensen, Aage B. “The Structural Basis of Social Inequality.” American Journal of Sociology 101 (1996): 1333-1365.
    Listed reading
  • Teece, David J., Gary Pisano, and Amy Shuen. “Dynamic capabilities and strategic management.” Strategic Management Journal 18, no. 7 (1997): 509-533.
    Listed reading
  • Supplementary
    Listed reading
  • Dierickx, Ingemar, and Karel Cool. “Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage.” Management Science 35, no. 12 (December 1989): 1504-1511.
    Listed reading
  • Barney, Jay B. “Asset Stocks and Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Comment.” Management Science 35, no. 12 (December 1989): 1511-1513.
    Listed reading
  • McGee, John, and Howard Thomas. “Strategic Groups: Theory, Research and Taxonomy.” Strategic Management Journal 7, no. 2 (March - April 1986): 141-160.
    Listed reading
  • Porter, Michael E. Competitive Strategy . New York, NY: Free Press, 1996. Spanos, Yiannis E., and Lioukas, Spyros. “An examination into the causal logic of rent generation: contrasting Porter’s competitive strategy framework and the resource-based perspective.” Strategic Management Journal 22 (2001): 907-924.
    Listed reading
  • Saloner, Garth, Andrea Shepard, and Joel M. Podolny. Strategic Management . New York, NY: John Wiley, 2001.
    Listed reading
  • Wernerfelt, Birger. “A Resource-Based View of the Firm.” Strategic Management Journal 5 (1984): 171-180.
    Listed reading
  • ———. “The Resource-Based View of the Firm: Ten Years After.” Strategic Management Journal 16 (1995): 171-175.
    Listed reading
  • Burt, Ronald S. Chapters 1-3 in Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992. ISBN: 0674843711.
    Listed reading
  • Fernandez, Roberto M., and Roger V. Gould. “A Dilemma of State Power: Brokerage and Influence in the National Health Policy Domain.” American Journal of Sociology 99 (1994): 1455-1491.
    Listed reading
  • Granovetter, Mark S. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78 (1973): 1360-1380.
    Listed reading
  • Coleman, James S. “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” American Journal of Sociology 94 (1988): S95-S120.
    Listed reading
  • Caro, Robert A. Chapters 31 and 32 in The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power . New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982. ISBN: 0679729453.
    Listed reading
  • Burt, Ronald S. Towards a Structural Theory of Action . New York, NY: Academic Press, 1982. ISBN: 0121471500.
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  • ———. “Range.” In Applied Network Analysis . Edited by Ronald S. Burt, and Michael J. Minor. 1983. ISBN: 0803919077.
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  • Cook, Karen S., Richard M. Emerson, Mary R. Gillmore, and Toshio Yamagishi. “The distribution of power in exchange networks: theory and experimental results.” American Journal of Sociology 89 (1983): 275-305.
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  • Freeman, Linton C. “A Set of Measures of Centrality Based on Betweeness.” Sociometry 40: 35-41.
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  • Gargiulo, Martin. “Two-Step Leverage: Managing Constraint in Organizational Politics.” Administrative Science Quarterly 38, no. 1 (March 1993): 1-19.
    Listed reading
  • Hansen, Morten T. “The Search-Transfer Problem: The Role of Weak Ties in Sharing Knowledge across Organization Subunits.” Administrative Science Quarterly 44, no. 1 (March 1999): 82-111.
    Listed reading
  • Marsden, Peter V. “Restricted Access in Networks and Models of Power.” American Journal of Sociology 88, no. 4 (January 1983): 686-717.
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  • McEvily, Bill, and Akbar Zaheer. “Bridging Ties: A Source of Firm Heterogeneity in Competitive Capabilities.” Strategic Management Journal 20 (1999): 1133-1156.
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  • Pfeffer, Jeffrey, and Gerald Salancik. The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective . New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1978. ISBN: 080474789X.
    Listed reading
  • Podolny, Joel M., and James N. Baron. “Resources and Relationships: Social Networks and Mobility in the Workplace.” American Sociological Review 62 (1997): 673-693.
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  • Reagans, Ray E., Ezra W. Zuckerman, and Bill McEvily. “How to Make the Team: Social Networks vs. Demography as Criteria for Designing Effective Projects in a Contract R&D Firm.” Administrative Science Quarterly 49 (2004): 101-133.
    Listed reading
  • Simmel, Georg. “Quantitative Aspects of the Group.” In The Sociology of Georg Simmel . New York, NY: Free Press, 1964, pp. 122-36, and 145-69. ISBN: 0029289203.
    Listed reading
  • Ingram, Paul, and Peter W. Roberts. “Friendships among Competitors in the Sydney Hotel Industry.” American Journal of Sociology 106 (2000): 387-423.
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  • Powell, Walter W., Kenneth W. Koput, and Laurel Smith-Doerr. “Interorganizational Collaboration and the Locus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology.” Administrative Science Quarterly 41 (1996): 116-145.
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  • Uzzi, Brian. “Social Structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness.” Administrative Science Quarterly 42 (1997): 35-67.
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  • Lincoln, James R., Michael L. Gerlach, and Christina L. Ahmadjian. “Keiretsu Networks and Corporate Performance in Japan.” American Sociological Review (1996): 67-88.
    Listed reading
  • Badaracco, Joseph. “Mark Twain Bancshares, Inc.” Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Case. HBS # 9-385-178. October 19, 1984.
    Listed reading
  • Azoulay, Pierre. “Agents of Embeddedness.” Working Paper, Columbia University Graduate School of Business. 2004.
    Listed reading
  • Baker, Wayne E. “The Social Structure of a National Securities Market.” American Journal of Sociology 89, no. 4 (1984): 775-833.
    Listed reading
  • ———. “Market Networks and Corporate Behavior.” American Journal of Sociology 96, no. 3 (1990): 589-625.
    Listed reading
  • Granovetter, Mark. “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness.” American Journal of Sociology 91 (1985): 481-510.
    Listed reading
  • ———. “Business Groups.” In Handbook of Economic Sociology . Edited by Neil J. Smelser, and Richard Swedberg. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995, pp. 453-465. ISBN: 0691034486.
    Listed reading
  • American Journal of Sociology 104, no. 5 (March 1999): 1439-1493.
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  • Keister, Lisa A. “Engineering Growth: Business Group Structure and Firm Performance in China’s Transition Economy.” American Journal of Sociology 104 (1998): 404-440.
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  • Mizruchi, Mark S. “What Do Interlocks Do? An Analysis, Critique, and Assessment of Research on Interlocking Directorates.” Annual Review of Sociology 22 (1996): 271-298.
    Listed reading
  • Page, Karen L., and Joel M. Podolny. “Network Forms of Organization.” Annual Review of Sociology 24: 57-76.
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  • Polanyi, Karl. The Great Transformation . New York, NY: Farrar & Rinehart, 1944.
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  • Robinson, David T., and Toby E. Stuart. “Just How Incomplete Are Incomplete Contracts? Evidence from Biotech Strategic Alliances.” Unpublished manuscript, University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, 2002.
    Listed reading
  • Sorenson, Olav, and Toby E. Stuart. “Syndication Networks and the Spatial Distribution of Venture Capital Investments.” American Journal of Sociology 106 (2001): 1546-1588.
    Listed reading
  • Uzzi, Brian. “The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect.” American Sociological Review 61 (1996): 674-698.
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  • ———. “Embeddedness in the Making of Financial Capital: How Social Relations and Networks Benefit Firms Seeking Financing.” American Sociological Review 64, no. 4 (August 1999): 481-505.
    Listed reading
  • Zuckerman, Ezra W. “On Networks and Markets.” Edited by Rauch, and Casella. Journal of Economic Literature 46 (2003): 545-565.
    Listed reading
  • Abbott, Andrew. Chapters 1-4 in The System of Professions . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1988. ISBN: 0226000699.
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  • Baum, Joel A. C., and Jitendra V. Singh. “Organizational Niches and the Dynamics of Organizational Mortality.” American Journal of Sociology 100, no. 2 (1994): 346-380.
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  • Popielarz, Pamela A., and J. Miller McPherson. “On the Edge or In Between: Niche Position, Niche Overlap, and the Duration of Voluntary Association Memberships.” American Journal of Sociology 101 (1995): 698-720.
    Listed reading
  • Podolny, Joel M., Toby E. Stuart, and Michael T. Hannan. “Networks, Knowledge, and Niches: Competition in the Worldwide Semiconductor Industry, 1984-1991.” American Journal of Sociology 102 (1996): 659-689.
    Listed reading
  • Barnett, William P. “The Dynamics of Competitive Intensity.” Administrative Science Quarterly 42 (1997): 128-160.
    Listed reading
  • Burt, Ronald S. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992, pp. 208-227. ISBN: 067484372X.
    Listed reading
  • DiMaggio, Paul J. “Structural Analysis of Organizational Fields: A Blockmodel Approach.” In Research in Organizational Behavior 8 (1986): 335-370.
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  • Dobrev, Stanislav D., Tai-Young Kim, and Glenn R. Carroll. “The evolution of organizational niches: US automobile manufacturers, 1885-1981.” Administrative Science Quarterly 47, no. 2 (2002): 233-264.
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  • Freeman, John, and Michael T. Hannan. “Niche Width and the Dynamics of Organizational Populations.” American Journal of Sociology 88, no. 6 (May 1983): 1116-1145.
    Listed reading
  • Hilgartner, Stephen, and Charles L. Bosk. “The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model.” American Journal of Sociology 94, no. 1 (July 1988): 53-78.
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  • McPherson, Miller. “An Ecology of Affiliation.” American Sociological Review 48, no. 4 (August 1983): 519-532.
    Listed reading
  • McPherson, J. Miller, Pamela A. Popielarz, and Sonja Drobnic. “Social Networks and Organizational Dynamics.” American Sociological Review 57, no. 2 (April 1992): 153-170.
    Listed reading
  • Podolny, Joel M., and Toby E. Stuart. “A Role-Based Ecology of Technological Change.” American Journal of Sociology 100, no. 5 (1995): 1224-1260.
    Listed reading
  • Sørensen, Jesper B. “Recruitment-Based Competition between Industries: a Community Ecology.” Industrial and Corporate Change 13 (2004): 149-170.
    Listed reading
  • Abbott, Andrew. “Status and Status Strain in the Professions.” American Journal of Sociology 86, no. 4 (January 1981): 819-835.
    Listed reading
  • Benjamin, Beth A., and Joel M. Podolny. “Social Order and Status in the California Wine Industry.” Administrative Science Quarterly 44 (1999): 563-589.
    Listed reading
  • Gould, Roger V. “The Origins of Status Hierarchies: A Formal Theory and Empirical Test.” American Journal of Sociology 107 (2002): 1143-1178.
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  • Gusfield, Joseph R. Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement . Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1963, pp. 1-29. ISBN: 0252013123.
    Listed reading
  • Heinz, John P., and Edward O. Laumann. Chapter 4 in Chicago Lawyers: The Social Structure of the Bar . Revised edition. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1994 [1982]. ISBN: 0810111896.
    Listed reading
  • Podolny, Joel M. “A Status-Based Model of Market Competition.” American Journal of Sociology 98 (1993): 829-872.
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  • Berger, Joseph, Robert Z. Norman, James W. Balkwell, and Roy F. Smith. “Status Inconsistency in Task Situations: A Test of Four Status Processing Principles.” American Sociological Review 57, no. 6 (December 1992): 843-855.
    Listed reading
  • Carter, Richard, and Steven Manaster. “Initial Public Offerings and Underwriter Reputation.” The Journal of Finance 45, no. 4 (1990): 1045-1067.
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  • Chung, Seungwha (Andy), Harbir Singh, and Kyungmook Lee. “Complementarity, status similarity and social capital as drivers of alliance formation.” Strategic Management Journal 21 (2000): 1-22.
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  • Dumont, Louis. Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and its Implications . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1970. ISBN: 0226169634.
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  • Frank, Robert H. Choosing The Right Pond: Human Behavior and the Quest for Status . New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1985. ISBN: 0195049454.
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  • Frank, Robert H., and Philip J. Cook. The Winner-Take-All Society . New York, NY: Penguin USA, 1995. ISBN: 0140259953.
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  • Goode, William J. The Celebration of Heroes . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1979, pp. 1-15, 16-21, and 66-97. ISBN: 0520038118.
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  • Han, Shin-Kap. “Mimetic Isomorphism and Its Effect on the Audit Services Market.” Social Forces 73 (1994): 637-63.
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  • Hirsch, Fred. Social Limits to Growth . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976. ISBN: 1583485996.
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  • Lang, Gladys Engel, and Kurt Lang. “Recognition and Renown: The Survival of Artistic Reputation.” American Journal of Sociology 94, no. 1 (July 1988): 79-109.
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  • Laumann, Edward O., and Richard Senter. “Subjective Social Distance, Occupational Stratification, and Forms of Status and Class Consciousness: A Cross-national Replication and Extension.” American Journal of Sociology 81, no. 6 (May 1976): 1304-1338.
    Listed reading
  • Merton, Robert K. “The Matthew Effect in Science.” Science 159 (January, 1968): 56-63.
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  • Podolny, Joel M., and Fiona M. Scott Morton. “Social Status, Entry and Predation: The Case of British Shipping Cartels 1879-1929.” Journal of Industrial Economics 47, no. 1 (1999): 41-67.
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  • Podolny, Joel M. “Market Uncertainty and the Social Character of Economic Exchange.” Administrative Science Quarterly 39, no. 3: 458-83.
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  • Podolny, Joel M., and Damon J. Phillips. “The Dynamics of Organizational Status.” Industrial and Corporate Change 5 (1996): 453-472.
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  • Roberts, Peter W., and Grahame R. Dowling. “Corporate reputation and sustained superior financial performance.” Strategic Management Journal 23 (2002): 1077-1093.
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  • Schwartz, Barry. Vertical Classification: A Study in Structuralism and the Sociology of Knowledge . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1981. ISBN: 0226742083.
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  • Shils, Edward. “Charisma, Order, and Status.” American Sociological Review 30 (1965): 199-213.
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  • Sorensen, Aage B. “The Basic Concepts of Stratification Research: Class, Status, and Power.” In Social Stratification . Edited by David B. Grusky. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001, pp. 287-300. ISBN: 0813310652.
    Listed reading
  • Weber, Max. “Class, Status, Party.” In From Max Weber . Edited by Hans Gerth, and C. Wright Mills. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1958, pp. 180-195. ISBN: 0195004620.
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  • ———. “Status Groups and Classes.” In Social Stratification . Edited by David B. Grusky. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001, pp. 122-126. ISBN: 0813310652.
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  • Padgett, John F., and Christopher K. Ansell. “Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400-1434.” American Journal of Sociology 98, no. 6 (May 1993): 1259-1319.
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  • Carroll, Glenn R., and Anand Swaminathan. “Why the Microbrewery Movement? Organizational Dynamics of Resource Partitioning in the American Brewery Industry after Prohibition.” American Journal of Sociology 106 (2000): 715-762.
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  • Peterson, Richard A., and David G. Berger. “Cycles in Cultural Production: The Case of Popular Music.” American Sociological Review 40 (1975): 158-73.
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  • Zuckerman, Ezra W. “The Categorical Imperative: Securities Analysts and the Illegitimacy Discount.” American Journal of Sociology 104 (1999): 1398-1438.
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  • Zuckerman, Ezra W., Tai-Young Kim, Kalinda Ukanwa, and James von Rittmann. “Robust Identities or Non-Entities? Typecasting in the Feature Film Labor Market.” American Journal of Sociology 108 (2003): 1018-1075.
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  • Baker, Wayne E., and Robert R. Faulkner. “Role as Resource in the Hollywood Film Industry.” American Journal of Sociology 97 (1991): 279-309.
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  • Becker, Howard S. “Labelling Theory Reconsidered.” In Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance . Edited by Howard S. Becker. 2nd ed. New York, NY: The Free Press, 1973, pp. 177-208. ISBN: 0684836351.
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  • Caplow, Theodore. “Christmas Gifts and Kin Networks.” American Sociological Review 47, no. 3 (June 1982): 383-392.
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  • Carroll, Glenn R. “Concentration and Specialization: Dynamics of Niche Width in Populations of Organizations.” American Journal of Sociology 90 (1985): 1262-1283.
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  • DiMaggio, Paul M. “Classification in Art.” American Sociological Review 52 (1987): 440-455.
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  • Douglas, Mary. Chapter 2 in Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo . London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966. ISBN: 0415289955.
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  • Faulkner, Robert R. Chapter 3 in Music on Demand: Composers and Careers in the Hollywood Film Industry . New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1983. ISBN: 0878554033.
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  • Friedman, Raymond A., and Joel M. Podolny. “Differentiation of Boundary Spanning Roles: Labor Negotiations and Implications for Role Conflict.” Administrative Science Quarterly 37 (1992): 28-47.
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  • Goffman, Erving. “Role Distance.” In Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction . Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961. ISBN: 0023445602.
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  • ———. “On Cooling the Mark Out.” Psychiatry 15 (1952): 451-463.
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  • ———. “The Moral Career of the Mental Patient.” Psychiatry 22 (1959): 23-42.
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  • Goode, William J. “Norm Commitment and Conformity to Role-Status Obligations.” American Journal of Sociology 66, no. 3 (1960): 246-258.
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  • ———. “A Theory of Role Strain.” American Sociological Review 25, no. 4 (August 1960): 483-496.
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  • Leifer, Eric M. “Interaction Preludes to Role Setting: Exploratory Local Action.” American Sociological Review 53 (1988): 865-878.
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  • Lopes, Paul D. “Innovation and Diversity in the Popular Music Industry, 1969-1990.” American Sociological Review 57 (1992): 56-71.
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  • Merton, Robert K. “Continuities in the Theory of Reference Groups and Social Structure.” Chapter XI in Social Theory and Social Structure . New York, NY: Free Press, 1968. ISBN: 0029211301.
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  • ———. “The Role-Set: Problems in Sociological Theory.” British Journal of Sociology 8 (1957): 106-120.
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  • Polos, Lazlo, Michael T. Hannan, and Glenn R. Carroll. “Foundations of a Theory of Social Forms.” Industrial and Corporate Change 11, no. 1 (February 2002): 85-115.
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  • Rosa, Jose A., Joseph F. Porac, Jelena Runser-Spanjol, and Michael Scott Saxon. “Sociocognitive Dynamics in a Product Market.” Journal of Marketing 63, Special Issue (1999): 64-77.
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  • Slater, Philip E. “Role Differentiation in Small Groups.” American Sociological Review 20, no. 3 (June 1955): 300-310.
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  • Stryker, Sheldon, and Anne Statham Macke. “Status Inconsistency and Role Conflict.” Annual Review of Sociology 4 (1978): 57-90.
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  • Turner, Ralph H. “Role: Sociological Aspects.” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 13 (1968): 552-7. New York, NY: Macmillian and Free Press. ISBN: 0828882320.
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  • White, Harrison C. “Where Do Markets Come From?” American Journal of Sociology 87 (1981): 517-47.
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  • ———. Markets from Networks: Socioeconomic Models of Production . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002. ISBN: 0691120382.
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  • Zerubavel, Eviatar. “Lumping and Splitting: Notes on Social Classification.” Sociological Forum 11, no. 3, Special Issue: Lumping and Splitting (1996): 421-433.
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  • Zuckerman, Ezra W. “Focusing the Corporate Product: Securities Analysts and De-diversification.” Administrative Science Quarterly 45 (2000): 591-619.
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  • ———. “Structural Incoherence and Stock Market Activity.” Unpublished manuscript, MIT Sloan School of Management, 2003.
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  • Zuckerman, Ezra W., and Tai-Young Kim. “The Identity Trade-Off: Market Mediation and Success in the Film Industry.” Industrial and Corporate Change (2003). Forthcoming.
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  • Zuckerman, Ezra W. “Structural Incoherence and Stock Market Activity.” American Sociological Review 69 (2004): 405-432.
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  • Carroll, Glenn R., and Michael T. Hannan. “Density Dependence in the Evolution of Populations of Newspaper Organizations.” American Sociological Review 54 (1989): 524-541.
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  • Phillips, Damon J. “A Genealogical Approach to Organizational Life Chances: The Parent-Progeny Transfer among Silicon Valley Law Firms, 1946-1996.” Administrative Science Quarterly (June 2002 issue).
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  • Sorenson, Olav, and Pino G. Audia. “The Social Structure of Entrepreneurial Activity: Geographic Concentration of Footwear Production in the United States, 1940-1989.” American Journal of Sociology 106 (2000): 424-462.
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  • Burton, M. Diane, Jesper Sørensen, and Christine Beckman. “Coming from Good Stock: Career Histories and New Venture Formation.” Research in the Sociology of Organizations 19 (2002): 229-262.
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  • Frank, Dobbin, and Timothy J. Dowd. “How policy shapes competition: Early railroad foundings in Massachusetts.” Administrative Science Quarterly 42 (1997): 501-529.
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  • Baum, Joel A. C., and Walter W. Powell. “Cultivating an Institutional Ecology of Organizations: Comment on Hannan, Carroll, Dundon, and Torres.” American Sociological Review 60 (1995): 529-538.
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  • Hannan, Michael T., and Glenn R. Carroll. “Theory Building and Cheap Talk About Legitimation: Reply to Baum and Powell.” American Sociological Review 60 (1995): 539-544.
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  • ———. “On Using Institutional Theory in Studying Organizational Populations.” American Sociological Review 54, no. 4 (August 1989): 545-548.
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  • Rao, Hayagreeva. “The Social Construction of Reputation: Certification Contests, Legitimation, and the Survival of Organizations in the American Automobile Industry: 1895-1912.” Strategic Management Journal 15 (1994): 29-44.
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  • Stuart, Toby E., and Olav Sorenson. “Liquidity Events and the Geographic Distribution of Entrepreneurial Activity.” Administrative Science Quarterly 48 (2003): 175-201.
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  • Stuart, Toby, Ha Hoang, and Ralph Hybels. “Interorganizational Endorsements and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Ventures.” Administrative Science Quarterly 43 (1999): 668-698.
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  • Sorenson, Olav, and Toby E. Stuart. “Syndication Networks and the Spatial Distribution of Venture Capital Investments.” American Journal of Sociology 106 (2001): 1546-1588. (AJS)
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  • Zucker, Lynne G. “Combining Institutional Theory and Population Ecology: No Legitimacy, No History.” American Sociological Review 54, no. 4 (August 1989): 542-545.
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  • Ruef, Martin. “The Emergence of Organizational Forms: A Community Ecology Approach.” American Journal of Sociology 106 (2000): 658-714.
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  • Rao, Hayagreeva. “Caveat Emptor: The Construction of Nonprofit Consumer Watchdog Organizations.” American Journal of Sociology 103 (1998): 912-961.
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  • McKendrick, David G., Jonathan J. Jaffee, Glenn R. Carroll, and Olga M. Khessina. “In the bud? Disk array producers as a (possibly) emergent organizational form.” Administrative Science Quarterly 48 (2003): 60-93.
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  • Padgett, John F. “Organizational genesis, identity, and control: the transformation of banking in Renaissance Florence.” In Networks and Markets . Edited by James E. Rauch, and Alessandra Casella. New York, NY: Russell Sage, 2001. ISBN: 0871547007.
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  • Ingram, Paul, and Hayagreeva Rao. “Store Wars: The Enactment and Repeal of Anti-Chain-Store Legislation in America.” American Journal of Sociology 110 (2004): 446-487.
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  • DiMaggio, Paul. “Cultural Entrepreneurship in 19th-Century Boston: The Creation Of An Organizational Base For High Culture In America.” Media Culture & Society 4, no. 1 (1982): 33-50.
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  • ———. “Cultural Entrepreneurship In 19th-Century Boston. 2: The Classification and Framing Of American-Art.” Media Culture & Society 4, no. 4 (1982): 303-322.
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  • Frank, Dobbin, and Timothy J. Dowd. “The market that antitrust built: Public policy, private coercion, and railroad acquisitions, 1825 to 1922.” American Sociological Review 65 (2000): 631-657.
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  • Stinchcombe, Arthur L. “Social Structure and Organizations.” In Handbook of Organizations . Edited by James G. March. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally, 1965, pp. 142-93. ISBN: 082408215X.
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  • White, Harrison C., and Cynthia A. White. Canvases and Careers: Institutional Change in the French Painting World . New York, NY: Wiley, 1965. ISBN: 0226894878.
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  • Jensen, Michael. “The Role of Network Resources in Market Entry: Commercial Banks’ Entry into Investment Banking, 1991-1997.” Administrative Science Quarterly 48 (2003): 466-497.
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  • Phillips, Damon J., and Ezra W. Zuckerman. “Middle Status Conformity: Theoretical Restatement and Empirical Demonstration in Two Markets.” American Journal of Sociology 107 (2001): 379-429.
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  • Podolny, Joel M. “Networks as Pipes and Prisms of the Market.” American Journal of Sociology 107 (2001): 33-60.
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  • Haveman, Heather A. “Follow The Leader - Mimetic Isomorphism And Entry Into New Markets.” Administrative Science Quarterly 38, no. 4 (1993): 593-627.
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  • Greve, Henrich R. “Performance, aspirations, and risky organizational change.” Administrative Science Quarterly 43 (1998): 58-86.
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  • Baum, Joel A. C., and Heather A. “Love thy neighbor? Differentiation and agglomeration in the Manhattan hotel industry, 1898-1990.” Administrative Science Quarterly 42 (1997): 304-338
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  • Deephouse, D. L. “To be different, or to be the same? It’s a question (and theory) of strategic balance.” Strategic Management Journal 20, no. 2 (1999): 147-166.
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  • Denrell, Jerker, and James G. March. “Adaptation as Information Restriction: The Hot Stove Effect.” Organization Science 12, no. 5 (2001): 523-538.
    Listed reading
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