21L.448
Darwin and Design
Fall 2010
Humans are social animals; social demands, both cooperative and competitive, structure our development, our brain and our mind. This course covers social development, social behaviour, social cognition and social neuroscience, in both human and non-human social animals. Topics include altruism, empathy, communication, theory of mind, aggression, power, groups, mating, and morality. Methods include evolutionary biology, neuroscience, cognitive science, social psychology and anthropology.
Readings
- Hume, D. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion . Penguin, 1990. ISBN: 9780140445367.
- Smith, A. The Wealth of Nations . CreateSpace, 2009. ISBN: 9781442147928.
- Malthus, T. An Essay on the Principle of Population . Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN: 9780199540457.
- Butler, S. Erewhon . IndyPublish, 2008. ISBN: 9781437833966.
- Stevenson, R. L. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2002. ISBN: 9780393974652.
- Wells, H. G. The Time Machine . CreateSpace, 2009. ISBN: 9781442146327.
- Gibson, W. Neuromancer . Ace Hardcover, 2004. ISBN: 9780441012039.
- Lunsford, A. Easy Writer . Bedford/Martin’s, 2006. ISBN: 9780312478209.
- Aristotle. Physics . Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN: 9780199540280.
- The Holy Bible: The Book of Genesis . St. Anthony Guild Press, 1948.
- Paley, W. Natural Theology . Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN: 9780199535750.
- Huxley, T. H. Evolution and Ethics . Appleton, 1916.
- Darwin, C. The Descent of Man . CreateSpace, 2010. ISBN: 9781450520393.
- 1. What kind of nature do the inhabitants of Wonderland live in?
- 2. Does rationality work in Wonderland? What is the status of nonsense in Wonderland?
- 3. In what ways, if any, does Wonderland resemble an evolutionary world? Do rudeness and confrontation have any survival value in Wonderland?
- 4. Why is Alice always trying to work out what the rules of Wonderland are? Is she successful?
- 3 · Genesis ; Aristotle, selections from the Physics . Pattern recognition, narrative and analytical, in nature in the ancient world.
- 5. The Day—Age theory of creation
- Aristotle. Physics . Book II. Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN: 9780199540280.
- 1. Do the inhabitants of Wonderland live in a nature governed by Aristotelian chance (Aristotle, Physics, pp. 20–30) or uniformity (p. 32)? Both? Neither?
- 2. What happens to Aristotle’s four factors or causes in Wonderland? What, if any, are the patterns in the events of the narrative?
- 3. Does the creation account in Genesis conflict with an Aristotelian nature?
- 4. What does Aristotle mean by a telic world or nature (p. 37)? Do you agree with Aristotle’s tooth proof for the telic view of nature (p. 38)?
- 5. How does the idea of design apply to the world of Genesis? Wonderland? Aristotle’s Physics?
- 4 · Voltaire, Candide . The Accidental World.
- 1. Is Dr. Pangloss an optimist or a fatalist ?
- 2. Identify some of the targets of Voltaire’s satire .
- 3. Compare the different views of life of Pangloss and Martin (Chapter 20) .
- 4. If the worlds of Candide and Wonderland are both irrational, which kind of irrationality do you prefer, and why? Is an evolutionary world irrational ?
- 5. Is there any sense in Candide that human progress is possible ?
- 6. What is the significance of Eldorado in Candide? The garden ?
- 5 · Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion : Three theories of world origins.
- 1. Hume’s listener, Pamphilus, refers at the start of the Dialogues to the accurate philosophical turn of Cleanthes, the careless skepticism of Philo, and the rigid inflexible orthodoxy of Demea. Whose position do you agree with most—that of Cleanthes (natural theologist), Philo (skepticism), or Demea (orthodoxy)?
- 2. How strong a case do you think Cleanthes makes in his description of the world as a great, wonderful machine of a supernatural being? (Chapter 2) .
- 3. Is this case consistent with Cleanthes’ earlier arguments that Copernicus and Newton have shown how God works through natural laws ?
- 4. Which of the three discussants is closest to Aristotle’s idea that nature is a telic world? Which is closest to Wordsworth’s vision of nature? Which discussant would feel most comfortable in Wonderland ?
- 5. Is Cleanthes’ argument about the eye in Part III convincing? Why ?
- 6 · Hume, Dialogues , cont. Is the world a Rube Goldberg machine?
- Hume, D. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion . Parts 7, and 10–11. Penguin, 1990. ISBN: 9780140445367. 1. Short paper on natural catastropies and their costs Rube Goldberg, Self–Operating Napkin.
- 1. Compare and contrast Philo’s example of the ship and carpenter (Part 5) with Cleanthes’ example of the great wonderful machine of the universe (Part 2) .
- 2. What might Wordsworth have said to Philo’s suggestion in Part 5 that the world may be the first rude essay of some infant deity who was ashamed of his job and ran away? What might Aristotle have said ?
- 3. What problem does Philo’s vegetative world model solve (Part 7) ?
- 4. In part 10, Demea mentions the perpetual war of existence. Is he thinking about evolution ?
- 5. What are Philo’s four circumstances of evil? (Chapter 11). Is the world a Rube Goldberg Machine ?
- 7 · Paley, Natural Theology : Intelligent Design Theory.
- 1. Paley states that there cannot be design without a designer (p. 10). In what sense is this true? In what sense false ?
- 2. What is the point of the eye – telescope comparison and how well does it work ?
- 3. What are the strengths and weaknesses of Paley’s analogical method of reasoning ?
- 4. Why does Paley think God used contrivances to make Nature work ?
- 5. Does the parallel structure of animals pose any special problem for Paley’s argument ?
- 8 · Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations : Self–Organized Complexity?
- 1. Does the principle of division of labor have any applications to organic systems? What advantages might division of labor confer on organisms ?
- 2. In what ways is Smith’s Oeconomy a self–regulating system? Is it more like Cleanthes great machine of the universe, or like Demea’s vegetative principle? Or more like the mad tea–party in Alice ?
- 3. In what ways is evolution be thought of as a centralized process? In what ways is evolution a market ?
- 4. What role does opportunism play in Smiths system ?
- 5. Is Smith’s Oeconomy compatible with Aristotle’s idea that nature is a telic ?
- 6. What is Smith’s conclusion concerning the role of the economy in the progress of nations ?
- 9 · Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population : Compound Interest in the biological realm.
- [Read chapters 1–3, chapter 9.]
- 1. To what extent, if any, do you think Malthus’s concept of the Natural Inequality holds in an age of advanced technology? Does technology have the potential to eliminate the Malthusian predicament ?
- 2. According to Adam Smith, self–interest drives the development of an economy that benefits everyone by providing more opportunity. This self–interest could be argued to be instinctual, un–self–conscious behavior. In Malthus’s system, instinct, which may lead to the development of an economy, leads also to the production of excess population. Can the views of Smith and Malthus be reconciled ?
- 3. Malthus introduces the term Struggle for Existence in Chapter 3. How does this term apply to his system? Is it used in any way that suggests evolutionary process ?
- 10 · Malthus, Principle of Population .
- Malthus, T. Chapters 13–14, and 18–19 in An Essay on the Principle of Population . Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN: 9780199540457.
- [Read chapters 13, 14, 18–19]
- 1. Malthus seems to view the human mind as a compound entity. Compare the role of instinct in Malthus’s Essay and Smith’s Wealth? What does the compound nature of the mind in the Essay have to do with Malthus’s rejection of Smith’s view of human motivation ?
- 2. In Chapter 18, Malthus suggests that the human mind arises out of the misery of the human condition. Do you agree? Why ?
- 11 · Darwin, On the Origin of Species .
- 1. What reasoning is behind Darwin’s strategy of talking first about Variation Under Domestication? (See, especially, pp. 30–31). What do humans select for ?
- 2. What are some of the problems of defining a species ?
- 3. In Chapter III, Struggle for Existence, Darwin talks about a Web of complex relations (pp. 73–75). In what ways does this Web of relations affect the struggle for existence among individuals of the same species ?
- 4. According to Adam Smith, self–interest drives the development of an economy that benefits everyone by providing more opportunity. Does this principle of an expanding economy benefiting everyone, work in a Darwinian economy ?
- 5. How is Natural Selection like Artificial Selection? How is it different ?
- 12 · Darwin, Origin (cont.)
- 1. Discuss Darwin’s personification of natural selection (pp. 83–4). Is there a fallacy in the way Darwin presents natural selection as an agent ?
- 2. Compare sexual selection with natural selection. Which version is stronger? What are some of the problems associated with sexual selection ?
- 3. Why is divergence of character a problem for the formation of species? (pp. 111–112. What does divergence of character have to do with the Darwinian idea of place or niche ?
- 4. What issues does Darwin’s discussion of Organs of extreme perfection raise? (pp. 186–88) .
- 5. What does the Darwinian Natura non facit saltum refer to? (p. 194). Are there any problems with this idea ?
- 13 · Darwin, Origin (cont.)
- 1. In what way is instinct like a physiological organ in Darwin’s system ?
- 2. What are some of the ways in which the topic of geological succession defines the spatial characteristics of evolution ?
- 3. How does Darwin use the natural system of classification to support his theory ?
- 4. In what ways does Embryology support Darwin’s views ?
- 14 · Darwin, Descent of Man (selections)
- 1. What evidence does Darwin use to assert that humans are governed by evolution ?
- 2. What methods do humans have to complement evolutionary development ?
- 15 · Butler, Erewhon or Over the Range .
- 1. What explains the extraordinary beauty of the Erewhonian people (Chapter 7, pp. 78 ff.) .
- 2. Discuss the Erewhonian trial system (pp. 112–117) .
- 3. What are some of the targets of Butler’s satire? In what ways are they similar to those of Candide ?
- 4. What is the role of Yudgrun in Erewhonian society? (Chapter 17, pp. 156–161). Is there a Yudgrun in our contemporary society ?
- 5. In what way does evolution contribute to the world view of Erewhon ?
- 16 · Butler, Erewhon (cont.)
- 3. On the concept of evolutionary robotics
- 1. What are some of the dangers the Erewhonians see in machine consciousness ?
- 2. How do the Erewhonians see machine evolution taking place ?
- 3. How will humans and evolved machines co–exist, in the view of the Erewhonians ?
- 4. How are machines extensions of humans, in the view of Erewhonians ?
- 5. Is Butler’s argument about machine evolution plausible ?
- 17 · Wiener, God and Golem, Inc. (selections)
- 9. Translation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s poem, “The Sorcerer’s Apprentice”
- 1. Do you agree with Wiener’s definition for machine learning on p. 14 ?
- 2. What does Wiener mean by phylogenetic learning? (pp. 13, 27–28). How does this kind of learning compare with individual (ontogenic) learning ?
- 3. What do machines and organisms have in common in respect to reproduction? (pp. 45–48) ?
- 4. What point about technology is Wiener trying to make with his tale of the Monkeys Paw? (pp. 58–60)
- 5. Are there purposes expressed by technological operations that conflict with human purposes? (pp. 64–65) .
- 20 · Stevenson, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde .
- 1. Why does Hyde’s appearance seem so shocking to Utterson ?
- 2. To what extent do Hyde’s personality traits draw on instincts all primates, including humans, share ?
- 3. Why does Jekyll find Hyde so fascinating ?
- 4. Are there any Darwinian interpretations we can place on the Jekyll–Hyde syndrome ?
- 5. What is the implication of the fact that a mere drug separates Jekyll from Hyde ?
- 21 · Huxley, Prolegomena to Evolution and Ethics .
- 1. Huxley speaks of the State of Nature (Section 1, pp. 1–5)) and the Human State of Art (Section 2, pp. 9–11), and the two in a state of conflict with each other (Section 3, pp. 11–3). Is this a valid way of thinking about the human relationship with its conditions of existence ?
- 2. What are some of the implications of Huxley’s analogy of human culture and the colony (Section 5, pp. 16–7) .
- 3. On p. 20, Huxley states that humans compete in evolutionary terms not by struggling with each other but by controlling their conditions of existence. What are the implications of this human strategy?
- 4. In Section 7 (pp. 20–1), Huxley identifies the serpent in the human Garden of Eden. What is the serpent and how integral a part of human existence is this force ?
- 5. In Section 10 (pp. 26–30), Huxley expands on the human condition as one in which humans carry within themselves the seeds of their own destruction. Does this view share anything with the view of Voltaire in Candide? How is Huxley’s view different from that of Voltaire?
- 22 · H. G. Wells, The Time Machine .
- 1. Compare the dystopian visions of Wells and Butler. Both use evolutionary themes, but in very different ways.
- 2. Could human society regress in the way that Wells suggests in his characterization of the Eloi and Morlocks?
- 3. Are Wells’s creatures reminiscent of Stevenson’s Jekyll and Hyde in any way?
- 4. Does Wells’s novel reflect any of the problems of Huxley’s Evolution and Ethics?
Fall 2003
Topics
- Introduction: Selections from Genesis.
- Aristotle. Selections from Physics.
- Carroll, Lewis. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland.
- Voltaire. Candide .
- Hume. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. (Through Book V in the Excerpts.)
- Hume. Dialogues. (continued)
- Paley. Natural Theology.
- Smith, Adam. Wealth of Nations. (selections)
- Malthus. Principles of Population.
- Malthus. (continued)
- Darwin. On the Origin of Species. (Excerpts from Signet Edition.)
- Darwin. On the Origin of Species. (continued)
- Butler, Samuel. Erewhon.
- Butler, Samuel. Erewhon. (continued)
- Stevenson. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.
- Stevenson. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. (continued)
- Huxley, Thomas. Prolegomena to Evolution and Ethics.
- Wells, H. G. The Time Machine .
- Wells, H. G. The Island of Dr Moreau.
- Wells, H. G. The Island of Dr Moreau . (continued)
- Forster, E. M. The Machine Stops.
- Turing, Alan, John Searle, and Daniel Dennett. Essays on computers.
- Gould, Stephen Jay, Richard Dawkins, and Daniel Dennett. Essays on Natural Selection.
- Review and Summation
Readings
- 6 · Hume, David. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. (Through Book V in the Excerpts.) (Excerpted, edited and annotated by A. C. Kibel.) (Remainder)
- 7 · Paley, William D. D. Natural Theology. (Excerpted, edited and annotated by A. C. Kibel.)
- 10 · Malthus, Thomas. Principles of Population. Pp. 1-3, 9, 13, 14 and 18-19. (Excerpted and edited by A. C. Kibel.) An essay on the principle of population, as it affects the future improvement of society with remarks on the speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and other writers. (1798) (continued)
- Chapter 1, p. 46 (“I have discussed the probable origin . . .”) to p. 55, “slow, varying and insensible changes”.
- Chapter 2, pp. 59-62 (up to Doubtful Species ); p. 67, from “Certainly no clear line . . .” to p. 68, end of section; pp. 71-73, last two sections.
- Chapter 3 in its entirety.
- Chapter 4, pp. 88-102; pp. 106-16; p. 124 to end of chapter.
- Chapter 5, p. 144 to end of chapter.
- Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species. (continued)
- Chapter 6 in its entirety.
- Chapter 7, pp. 196-210 (. . . “variability; but as the case stands there is none.”); p. 226 to end of chapter.
- Chapter 8, p. 255 to end of chapter.
- Chapter 14, pp. 394-417.
- Chapter 15 in its entirety.
- 15 · Butler, Samuel. Erewhon. (continued)
- Butler, Samuel. Erewhon. (continued)
- 18 · Stevenson, Robert Louis. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. (continued)
- 22 · Wells, H. G. The Island of Dr Moreau . (continued)
- 23 · Forster, E. M. The Machine Stops.
Sources
- Course catalogue ↗Historical OpenCourseWare
- MIT OCW syllabus ↗
- MIT OCW readings ↗
- MIT OpenCourseWare ↗Fall 2003
- MIT OCW calendar ↗
- MIT OCW readings ↗
- MIT OCW syllabus ↗
- Historical MIT OpenCourseWare offering. Named reading entries and schedule topics are automatically extracted from the linked source pages.
- Historical MIT OpenCourseWare offering. Named reading entries and schedule topics are automatically extracted from the linked source pages.