everything.study
3.012

Structure of Materials

Undergraduate · Historical course

Spring 2021 · Thermodynamics of Materials

Topics

  • Phase diagrams for materials selection: Fe-C: Understanding phase diagrams and their role in materials selection and design
  • Case studies: Specific heats and phase transformations
  • -
  • Case studies: Saturation vapor pressure
  • Case study in reacting gas mixtures; introducing the Nernst equation
  • CALPHAD: Case studies and Prof. Olson guest lecture
  • Intermediate phases and reactions
  • Case study: Reacting, multi-component, multi-phase systems

Readings

Spring 2019

Structure—or the arrangement of materials’ internal components—determines virtually everything about a material: its properties, its potential applications, and its performance within those applications. This three-part course explores the structure of a wide variety of materials with current-day engineering applications. Taken together, the three modules provide similar content to MIT’s sophomore-level materials structure curriculum. Part 1 of the course introduces amorphous materials and explores glasses and polymers, the factors that influence their structure, and how materials scientists measure and describe the structure of these materials. Then we discuss what it means for a material to be crystalline, how we describe periodic arrangement of atoms in a crystal, and how we can determine the structure of crystals through x-ray diffraction. Parts 2 and 3 explore the structure of materials in further depth. This course was organized as a three-part series on {{% resource_link "cd0cc50a-db56-46b3-9827-354adef40117" "MITx" %}} by MIT’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering and is now archived on the {{% resource_link "e42b2534-d457-4f66-a3c2-dfb7d2186c82" "Open Learning Library" %}}, which is free to use. You have the option to sign up and enroll in each module if you want to track your progress, or you can view and use all the materials without enrolling.

Fall 2005 · Fundamentals of Materials Science

Topics

  • Classical or Quantum: Electrons as Waves, Wave Mechanics
  • Schrödinger’s Equation and Discrete Energy States of a Confined Electron
  • Free Electrons, Electrons in a Metal, and the Scanning Tunneling Microscope
  • Recitation
  • Curiosity Killed the Cat: General Principles of Quantum Mechanics
  • The Hydrogen Atom
  • The Hydrogen Atom (cont.)
  • 3.014 Lab Week 1
  • Alphabet Soup: The Periodic Table
  • The Periodic Table (cont.)
  • The Variational Principle; Application to Hydrogen Atom
  • Molecules from Atoms: Energy Minimization, Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
  • Bonding in Molecules: Hartree and Hartree-Fock Equations, Symmetries, Bond Order
  • Polymers Part 1: Diagonalization on a Basis, Huckel Model
  • Quantum Oscillation
  • 3.014 Lab Week 2
  • Point Groups and Bravais Lattices
  • Symmetry Operations
  • Structure of Solids
  • X-ray Diffraction
  • X-rays at Work: Laue Condition, Ewald Construction, Bragg’s Law, Powder Diffraction
  • 3.014 Lab Week 3
  • From Diffraction to Structure
  • Symmetries and Tensors
  • Non-crystalline Materials
  • Polymers Part 2
  • Glasses
  • Liquid Crystals
  • 3.014 Lab Week 4
  • Recitation: Final Review

Readings

  • E&R: Engel, T., and P. Reid. Physical Chemistry . San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings, 2005. ISBN: 9780805338423. [Note: this is the single-volume edition.]
    Listed reading
  • A&T: Allen, S. M., and E. L. Thomas. The Structure of Materials . New York, NY: J. Wiley & Sons, 1999. ISBN: 9780471000822.
    Listed reading
  • Ses #: L1 · Topics: Classical or Quantum: Electrons as Waves, Wave Mechanics · Readings: E&R: Read 12.1, 12.2, 12.4; Study 12.5, 13.2, 13.3 and problem P12.10; Review A.1 (complex numbers). · Topics: Fundamental Concepts · Readings: E&R: 1.1 and 1.2
    Reading assignment
  • Supplementary
    Listed reading
  • Ses #: L2 · Topics: Schrödinger’s Equation and Discrete Energy States of a Confined Electron · Readings: E&R: Review 12.5, 13.2, and 13.3; Study 13.4 and 13.5.
    Reading assignment
  • Mortimer, R. G. “Principles of Quantum Mechanics: Classical Mechanics.” Section 14.1 in Physical Chemistry . 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Elsevier, 2000. ISBN: 9780125083461.
    Listed reading
  • Smith, D. Y. “Spin-Orbit Effects in the F and K Bands of Colored Alkali Halides.” Physical Review B 6, no. 2 (July 15, 1972): 565-581. Fundamental Concepts (cont.) E&R: 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3.
    Listed reading
  • Ses #: L3 · Topics: Free Electrons, Electrons in a Metal, and the Scanning Tunneling Microscope · Readings: E&R: Study 15.1 and 15.2; Read 14.1-14.4. · Topics: First Law of Thermodynamics · Readings: E&R: 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.9, and 3.1.
    Reading assignment
  • Ses #: L4 · Topics: Curiosity Killed the Cat: General Principles of Quantum Mechanics · Readings: E&R: Study 15.3 (2-,3-dim box), 16.3 (?-electrons in conjugated molecules), and 16.5-6 (Scanning Tunnelling Microscope).
    Reading assignment
  • Binning, G., and H. Rohrer. “Scanning tunneling microscopy - from birth to adolescence.” Reviews of Modern Physics 59, no. 3 (1987): 615-625. (1986 Nobel Lecture) Temperature, Heat, and Entropy E&R: 1.3, 2.4, and 3.2.
    Listed reading
  • Ses #: L5 · Topics: The Hydrogen Atom · Readings: E&R: Study 14.1, 14.2, and 14.3; Read 14.4. · Topics: Heat Storage and Release in Phase Transitions · Readings: E&R: 2.8, 3.4, and 4.6.
    Reading assignment
  • Ses #: L6 · Topics: The Hydrogen Atom (cont.) · Readings: E&R: Study 14.1, 14.2, and 14.3; Read 14.4, also read 22.6 (XPS and Auger) for 3.014 Week 1. · Topics: Examples of Work Important in Materials Science and Engineering: Polarization, Magnetic, Chemical · Readings: Zemansky, M. W., and R. H. Dittman. “Work” In Heat and Thermodynamics . 7th Ed. Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill, 1996, pp. 49-68. ISBN: 9780070170599.
    Reading assignment
  • Callister, W. D., Jr. “Magnetic Properties.” In Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering . 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 2004, pp. 730-744. ISBN: 9780471470144.
    Listed reading
  • Ses #: L7 · Topics: Alphabet Soup: The Periodic Table · Readings: E&R: Study 18.4, 18.5, and 20.1 to 20.5. · Topics: Thermal Properties of Materials; Fundamental Equations · Readings: E&R: 3.1 and 3.5.
    Reading assignment
  • Ses #: L8 · Topics: The Periodic Table (cont.) · Readings: E&R: Study 21.5 and 21.6; Read: 17.2 (Stern-Gerlach). · Topics: Fundamental Equations (cont.); Equilibrium and the Second Law · Readings: E&R: Chapters 5.1-5.8.
    Reading assignment
  • Dill and Bromberg. “How to Design a Fundamental Equation.” In Molecular Driving Forces . New York, NY: Routledge, 2003, pp. 153-155. ISBN: 9780815320517.
    Listed reading
  • Ses #: L9 · Topics: The Variational Principle; Application to Hydrogen Atom · Readings: E&R: Study 21.4, 23.1, 23.2, and 23.3. · Topics: Free Energy; Applying the Second Law in Laboratory Conditions · Readings: E&R: 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 (less important), and 6.4.
    Reading assignment
  • Ses #: L10 · Topics: Molecules from Atoms: Energy Minimization, Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals · Readings: E&R: Study 21.4 and 23.3; Read 23.4, 24.1, and 24.2. · Topics: Chemical Potentials and the Gibbs Free Energy · Readings: E&R: 6.4.
    Reading assignment
  • Ses #: L11 · Topics: Bonding in Molecules: Hartree and Hartree-Fock Equations, Symmetries, Bond Order · Readings: E&R: Study 25.2, 25.4, 24.4, and 24.6. · Topics: Models of the Chemical Potential · Readings: E&R: 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 9.1, 9.2, and 9.5.
    Reading assignment
  • Ses #: L12 · Topics: Polymers Part 1: Diagonalization on a Basis, Huckel Model · Readings: E&R: Study 24.2, 24.4-6; Read math supplement A.7 and A.8, working with determinants and working with matrices. · Topics: Chemical Reaction Equilibria · Readings: E&R: 6.7- 6.9, 6.11, 6.12, and 9.11-9.13.
    Reading assignment
  • Ses #: L13 · Topics: Quantum Oscillation · Readings: E&R: Study 25.7 (Huckel Model), 18.1 (Quantum Oscillator); Read 18.6 (Classical Harmonic Oscillator). · Topics: Electrochemical Equilibria · Readings: E&R: 11.1-11.5, 11.8-11.9, and 11.11-11.13.
    Reading assignment
  • Ses #: L14 · Topics: Point Groups and Bravais Lattices · Readings: E&R: Study 25.7 (Huckel Model), 18.1 (Quantum Oscillator)Read 18.6 (Classical Harmonic Oscillator). · Topics: Batteries; Thermodynamic Stability · Readings: E&R: 6.2 (Maxwell Relations).
    Reading assignment
  • Lupis, C. H. P. “Stability of one-component systems.” In Chemical Thermodynamics of Materials . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1983, pp. 34-35. ISBN: 9780444007797.
    Listed reading
  • Callen, H. B. “Stability of Thermodynamic Systems.” In Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics . 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1985, pp. 202-212. ISBN: 9780471862567.
    Listed reading
  • Ses #: L15 · Topics: Symmetry Operations · Readings: A&T: Study 3.1.1 - 3.1.4, 3.2.1, 3.2.4, and 3.2.5. · Topics: Phase Changes and Phase Diagrams of Single-Component Materials · Readings: E&R: 8.1-8.5.
    Reading assignment
  • Wang, X., S. Scandolo, and R. Car. “Carbon Phase Diagrams from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics.” Physical Review Letters 95 (October 28, 2005): 185701.
    Listed reading
  • Ses #: L16 · Topics: Structure of Solids · Readings: A&T: Study 3.1.1-3.1.4 and 3.2.1; Read 3.2.4 and 3.2.5 (only Crystal Systems, Bravais Lattices, Unit Cells). · Topics: Single-Component Phase Diagrams (cont.); Thermodynamics of Solutions · Readings: Gaskell. “The free energy of solution.” Chapter 11.5 in Introduction to Metallurgical Thermodynamics . pp. 328-338
    Reading assignment
  • Ses #: L17 · Topics: X-ray Diffraction · Readings: A&T: Study 3.2.2 up to p. 140, and 3.4. · Topics: Free Energy of Multi-phase Solutions at Equilibrium · Readings: E&R: 9.6 and 9.7.
    Reading assignment
  • Reading assignment
  • Reading assignment
  • Ses #: L20 · Topics: Symmetries and Tensors · Readings: A&T: Study 3.3 (Symmetry Constraints) Read all of Chapter 1. · Topics: Spinodals and Binodals; Continuous Phase Transitions; Introduction to Statistical Mechanics · Readings: E&R: 13.1 and 13.2.
    Reading assignment
  • Zallen. “The Glass Transition.” Chapter 1.4 in The Physics of Amorphous Solids. pp. 16-23.
    Listed reading
  • Review E&R Chapter 12 -Basic Probability Concepts.
    Listed reading
  • Ses #: L21 · Topics: Non-crystalline Materials · Readings: A&T: Study 3.3 (Symmetry Constraints) Read all of Chapter 1. · Topics: Connecting Events at the Atomic/Molecular Level to Macroscopic Thermodynamic Behavior: Two Postulates of Statistical Mechanics; Microscopic Definition of Entropy · Readings: E&R: 31.1-31.4.
    Reading assignment
  • Ses #: L22 · Topics: Polymers Part 2 · Readings: A&T: Study 2.1-2.3.1. · Topics: Connecting Events at the Atomic/Molecular Level to Macroscopic Thermodynamic Behavior (cont.): The Boltzman Factor and Partition Function; Thermal Behavior of the Einstein Solid · Readings: E&R: 31.5, 32.1-31.2, 33.1-33.3.
    Reading assignment
  • Ses #: L23 · Topics: Glasses · Readings: A&T: Study 2.1-2.4.3. · Topics: Lattice Models of Materials; Modeling Polymer Solutions · Readings: E&R: 32.3-32.4.
    Reading assignment
  • Dill and Bromberg. Chapter 15 “Solutions & Mixtures.” pp. 267-273, and Chapter 31 “Polymer Solutions.” pp. 593-605. Supplementary
    Listed reading
  • Ses #: L24 · Topics: Liquid Crystals · Readings: A&T: Study 2.1-2.4 and 4.1-4.4.3. · Topics: Flory-Huggins Theory · Readings: Dill and Bromberg. “Polymer Solutions.” Chapter 31, pp. 593-605.
    Reading assignment
  • Engel, T., and P. Reid. Physical Chemistry . San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings, 2005. ISBN: 9780805338423. [Note: this is the single-volume edition.]
    Listed reading
  • Allen, S. M., and E. L. Thomas. The Structure of Materials . New York, NY: J. Wiley & Sons, 1999. ISBN: 9780471000822.
    Listed reading
  • Rohrer, G. Structure and Bonding in Crystalline Materials . New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN: 9780521663793.
    Listed reading
  • Atkins, P. W., and J. de Paula. Physical Chemistry . 7th ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN: 9780198792857.
    Listed reading
  • Nye, J. F. Physical Properties of Crystals: Their Representation by Tensors and Matrices . New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1985. ISBN: 9780198511656.
    Listed reading
  • Mortimer, R. G. Physical Chemistry . 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Elsevier, 2000. ISBN: 9780125083461.
    Listed reading
  • Thaller, B. Visual Quantum Mechanics . New York, NY: Springer-Verlag/TELOS, 2002. ISBN: 9780387989297.
    Listed reading
  • Bransden, B. H., and C. J. Joachain. Quantum Mechanics . 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000. ISBN: 9780582356917.
    Listed reading
  • Bransden, B. H., and C. J. Joachain. Physics of Atoms and Molecules . 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003. ISBN: 9780582356924.
    Listed reading
  • Petrucci, R. H., W. S. Harwood, and F. G. Herring. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications . 8th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001. ISBN: 9780130143297.
    Listed reading
  • Dill, K. A., and S. Bromberg. Molecular Driving Forces . New York, NY: Routledge, 2002. ISBN: 9780815320517.
    Listed reading
  • Bent, H. A. The Second Law . New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1965. ISBN: 9780195008296.
    Listed reading
  • Callen, H. B. Thermodynamics . New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1960. ISBN: 9780471130352.
    Listed reading
  • Denbigh, K. G. The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium . 4th ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1981. ISBN: 9780521281508.
    Listed reading
Sources