Music Perception and Cognition
Spring 2009
This course is a survey of perceptual and cognitive aspects of the psychology of music, with special emphasis on underlying neuronal and neurocomputational representations and mechanisms. Basic perceptual dimensions of hearing (pitch, timbre, consonance/roughness, loudness, auditory grouping) form salient qualities, contrasts, patterns and streams that are used in music to convey melody, harmony, rhythm and separate voices. Perceptual, cognitive, and neurophysiological aspects of the temporal dimension of music (rhythm, timing, duration, temporal expectation) are explored. Special topics include comparative, evolutionary, and developmental psychology of music perception, biological vs. cultural influences, Gestaltist vs. associationist vs. schema-based theories, comparison of music and speech perception, parallels between music cognition and language, music and cortical action, and the neural basis of music performance.
Readings
- Rasch, R., and R. Plomp. “The Perception of Musical Tones.” Chapter 4 in Deutsch .
- Weinberger, N. M. “Music and the Auditory System.” In Deutsch .
- Handel, Chapter 12, “The Physiology of Listening.”
- De Cheveigne (2005)
- Cariani (1999)
- Cariani & Delgutte (1996); Cedolin & Delgutte (2005)
- Cariani (2001)
- Bendor & Wang (2005)
- Risset, J. C., and D. L. Wessel. “Exploration of Timbre by Analysis and Synthesis.” Chapter 5 in Deutsch .
- Handel, Chapters 4-6, “Sound Generation by Musical Instruments,” “Sound Generation by Voice,” and “Commonalities: Physical and Perceptual.” (Parallels between musical timbre and phonetics.)
- Rasch, R., and R. Plomp. “The Perception of Musical Tones.” In Deutsch .
- Tramo, et al. (2001)
- Plomp & Levelt (1965)
- 9 · Scales, tuning and harmony · Burns, E. M. “Intervals, Scales and Tuning.” Chapter 7 in Deutsch .
- Handel, Chapter 10, “Grammars of Music and Language.” (Concentrate on sections pertaining to melody)
- Snyder, Chapter 11, “Melody.”
- Also look at Deutsch, “The Processing of Pitch Combinations.” Chapter 9 in Deutsch .
- Bendor & Wang (2005, 2006)
- Janata, et al. (2002)
- Ward, W. Dixon. “Absolute Pitch.” Chapter 8 in Deutsch .
- Tramo (2001)
- Peretz & Coltheart (2003)
- Bendor & Wang (2006)
- Handel, Chapter 11, “Rhythm.”
- Deutsch, D. “Grouping Mechanisms in Music.” Chapter 9 in Deutsch .
- Clark, E. F. “Rhythm and Timing in Music.” Chapter 13 in Deutsch .
- Snyder, Chapters 3-5.
- Handel, Chapter 7, “Breaking the Acoustic Wave into Events: Stream Segregation.”
- Zanto, et al. (2006)
- Brattico, et al. (2006)
- Koelsch, et al. (2004)
- Levitin, Chapter 4, on anticipation
- Meyer (1961)
- Blood & Zatorre (2001) on music & pleasure
- Huron’s Sweet Anticipation
- 18 · Imaging studies of creativity and musical performance (guest lecture by Aaron Berkowitz, Harvard University) · Pressing (1998)
- Jackendoff & Lerdahl (2006)
- Bigand, Chapter 8 in McAdams and Bigand .
- Patel (2008)
- Trehub (2003)
- Hannon & Johnson (2005)
- Animal Rhythm readings: Schachner (2009), Patel (2008), etc.
- Brown (2001)
- Fitch (2006)
- Deutsch, D., ed. The Psychology of Music . 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1998. ISBN: 9780122135651.
- Levitin, D. This Is Your Brain On Music . New York, NY: Dutton Adult/Penguin, 2006. ISBN: 9780525949695.
- Aello, R., ed. Musical Perceptions . New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1994. ISBN: 9780195064759.
- McAdams, S., and E. Bigand. Thinking in Sound: The Cognitive Psychology of Human Audition . New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1993. ISBN: 9780198522584.
- Moore, B. C. J. An Introduction to the Psychology of Hearing. 5th ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2003. ISBN: 9780125056281.
- Christensen, Thomas ed. Cambridge Handbook of the History of Western Music Theory . Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN: 9780521623711.
- Seashore, Carl E. Psychology of Music . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1938.
- Zatorre, Robert J. The Biological Foundations of Music . Vol. 930. New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences, 2001. ISBN: 9781573313070.
- Bendor, D., and X. Wang. “The Neuronal Representation of Pitch in Primate Auditory Cortex.” Nature 436 (August 25, 2005): 1161-1165. doi:10.1038/nature03867.
- ———. “Cortical Representations of Pitch in Monkeys and Humans.” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 16, no. 4 (2006): 391-399.
- Burns, Edward M. “Intervals, Scales, and Tuning.” In Deutsch . [course text]
- Cariani, P. “Temporal Coding of Periodicity Pitch in the Auditory System: An Overview.” Neural Plast 6, no. 4 (1999): 147-72.
- Cariani, Peter A., and Bertrand Delgutte. “Neural Correlates of the Pitch of Complex Tones. I. Pitch and Pitch Salience. II. Pitch Shift, Pitch Ambiguity, Phase-invariance, Pitch Circularity, and the Dominance Region for Pitch.” J Neurophysiology 76, no. 3 (1996): 1698-1734.
- Cedolin, L., and B. Delgutte. “Pitch of Complex Tones: Rate-Place and Interspike Interval Representations in the Auditory Nerve.” J Neurophysiol 94 (2005): 347-362.
- de Boer, E. “On the ‘Residue’ and Auditory Pitch Perception.” In Auditory System (Handbook of Sensory Physiology) . Vol. 5, no. 3. Edited by W. D. Keidel, and W. D. Neff. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, 1974-1976, pp. 479-583. ISBN: 9780387066769.
- de Cheveigné, Alain. “Pitch Perception Models.” In Pitch: Neural Coding and Perception . Edited by C. J. Plack, et al. New York, NY: Springer Science - Business Media, 2005. ISBN: 9780387234724.
- Goldstein, J. L. “An Optimum Processor Theory for the Central Formation of the Pitch of Complex Tones.” J Acoust Soc Am 54, no. 6 (1973): 1496-1516.
- Louie, P., et al. “A Generalized Mechanism for Perception of Pitch Patterns.” The Journal of Neuroscience 29, no. 2 (January 14, 2009): 454- 459.
- Lyon, Richard, and Shihab Shamma. “Auditory Representations of Timbre and Pitch.” In Auditory Computation . Edited by R. R. Fay. New York, NY: Springer Verlag, 1995. ISBN: 9780387978437.
- Meddis, R., and M. J. Hewitt. “Virtual Pitch and Phase Sensitivity of a Computer Model of the Auditory Periphery. I. Pitch Identification.” J Acoust Soc Am 89, no. 6 (1991): 2866-2882.
- ———. “Virtual Pitch and Phase Sensitivity of a Computer Model of the Auditory Periphery. II. Phase Sensitivity.” J Acoust Soc Am 89, no. 6 (1991): 2883-2894.
- Moore, B. C. J. An Introduction to the Psychology of Hearing . 5th ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2003. ISBN: 9780125056281. [course text]
- Schwarz, D. W. F., and R. W. W. Tomlinson. “Spectral Response Patterns of Auditory Cortical Neurons to Harmonic Complex Tones in Alert Monkey (Macaca Mulatta).” Journal of Neurophysiology 64 (1990): 282-298.
- Slaney, Malcolm, and Richard F. Lyon. “On the Importance of Time - A Temporal Representation of Sound.” In Visual Representations of Speech Signals . Edited by M. Crawford. New York, NY: John Wiley, 1993. ISBN: 9780471935377.
- Terhardt, E. “Pitch, Consonance, and Harmony.” J Acoust Soc Am 55 (May 1974): 1061-1069.
- Terhardt, Ernst, Gerhard Stoll, and Manfred Seewann. “Pitch of Complex Signals according to Virtual-Pitch Theory: Test, Examples, and Predictions.” J Acoust Soc Am 71, no. 3 (1982): 671-678.
- Wightman, F. L., and D. M. Green. “The Perception of Pitch.” American Scientist 62 (1974): 208-215.
- Handel, chapter 8 “Identification of Speakers, Instruments, and Environmental Events,” and chapter 10 “Grammars of Music and Language.” [course text]
- Risset, Jean-Claude. “Musical Acoustics.” In Hearing: Handbook of Perception . Vol. IV. Edited by B. C. Carterette and M. P. Friedman. New York, NY: Academic Press, 1978. ISBN: 9780121619046.
- Cariani, P. “A Temporal Model for Pitch Multiplicity and Tonal Consonance.” In Proceedings of the 8th International Converence on Music Perception and Cognition (ICMPC), Evanston IL, 2004. Adelaide, Australia: Causal Productions, 2004.
- DeWitt, Lucinda A., and Robert G. Crowder. “Tonal Fusion of Consonant Musical Intervals: The Oomph in Stumpf.” Perception and Psychophysics 41, no. 1 (1987): 73-84.
- Kameoka, A., and M. Kuriyagawa. “Consonance Theory I. Consonance of Dyads.” J Acoust Soc Am 45 (1969): 1451-1459.
- ———. “Consonance Theory II. Consonance of Complex Tones and Its Calculation Method.” J Acoust Soc Am 45 (1969): 1460-1469.
- Plomp, Reinier. Aspects of Tone Sensation . London, UK: Academic Press, 1977. ISBN: 9780125583503.
- Plomp, R., and W. J. M. Levelt. “Tonal Consonance and Critical Bandwidth.” J Acoust Soc Am 38 (1965): 548-560.
- Rasch, R., and R. Plomp. “The Perception of Musical Tones.” Chapter 4 in Deutsch . [course text]
- Sethares, William. Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale . 2nd ed. London, UK: Springer, 2005. ISBN: 9781852337971.
- Stumpf, C. Tonpsychologie . Vols. I and II. Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1883/1890.
- Tramo, M. J., P. A. Cariani, B. Delgutte, and L. D. Braida. “Neurobiological Foundations for the Theory of Harmony in Western Tonal Music.” Ann N Y Acad Sci 930 (2001): 92-116.
- von Helmholtz, Hermann. On The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for The Theory of Music . Mineola, NY: Dover, 1895. (Reprint 1954). ISBN: 9780486607535.
- Brattico, E., et al. “Musical Scale Properties are Automatically Processed in the Human Auditory Cortex.” Brain Research 1117 (2006): 162-174.
- Bharucha, Jamshed J. “Neural Nets, Temporal Composites, and Tonality.” Chapter 11 in Deutsch . [course text]
- Bharucha, J. J., and K. Stoeckig. “Reaction Time and Musical Expectancy: Priming of Chords.” J Exp Psychol (Human Perception and Performance) 12 (1986): 403-410.
- Janata, P., J. L. Birk, J. D. Van Horn, M. Leman, B. Tillmann, and J. J. Bharucha. “The Cortical Topography of Tonal Structures Underlying Western Music.” Science 298, no. 5601 (2002): 2167-70.
- Krumhansl, Carol L. Cognitive Foundations of Musical Pitch . New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1990. ISBN: 9780195054750.
- Piston, W. Harmony . 5th ed. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 1987. ISBN: 9780393954807.
- Rameau, J. P. Treatise on Harmony . Translated by P. Gossett. Mineola, NY: Dover, 1722. (Reprint 1971). ISBN: 9780486224619.
- Thomson, W. “Deductions Concerning Inductions of Tonality.” Music Perception 19, no. 1 (Fall 2001): 127-138.
- Tillman, B., J. J. Bharucha, and Emmanuel Bigand. “Implicit Learning of Tonality: A Self-organizing Approach.” Psychological Review 107, no. 4 (2000): 885-913.
- Deutsch, Diana. “Grouping Mechanisms in Music.” Chapter 9 in Deutsch . [course text]
- Clynes, M., and J. Walker. “Neurobiologic Functions, Rhythm, Time, and Pulse in Music.” In Music, Mind, and Brain: the Neuropsychology of Music . Edited by M. Clynes. New York, NY: Springer, 1982. ISBN: 9780306409080.
- Clynes, Manfred. “When Time is Music.” In Rhythm in Psychological, Linguistic, and Musical Processes . Edited by M. Clynes. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1986. ISBN: 9780398052355.
- Clarke, E. F. “Rhythm and Timing in Music.” Chapter 13 in Deutsch .
- Essens, Peter J., and Dirk-Jan Povel. “Metrical and Nonmetrical Representations of Temporal Patterns.” Perception and Psychophysics 37, no. 1 (1985): 1-7.
- Fraisse, Paul. The Psychology of Time . Translated by Jennifer Leith. New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1976. ISBN: 9780837185569.
- ———. “Time and Rhythm Perception.” In Handbook of Perception . Volume VIII: Perceptual Coding. Edited by E. C. Carterette, and M. P. Friedman. New York, NY: Academic Press, 1979. ISBN: 9780121619084.
- Janata, P., and S. T. Grafton. “Swinging in the Brain: Shared Neural Substrates for Behaviors Related to Sequencing and Music.” Nature Neuroscience 6, no. 7 (July 2003): 682-687.
- Jones, Mari Riess. “Time, Our Lost Dimension: Toward a New Theory of Perception, Attention, and Memory.” Psychological Review 83, no. 5 (1976): 323-255.
- ———. “Perspectives on Musical Time.” In Action and Perception in Rhythm and Music . Edited by A. Gabrielsson. Stockholm, Sweden: Royal Swedish Academy of Music, 1987.
- Jones, Mari Riess, and William Yee. “Attending to Auditory Events: The Role of Temporal Organization.” In Adams and Bigand . [course text]
- Large, Edward. “Periodicity, Pattern Formation, and Rhythmic Structure.” J New Music Research 30, no. 2 (2001).
- Snyder, J. S., and E. W. Large. “Gamma-band Activity Reflects the Metric Structure of Rhythmic Tone Sequences.” Cognitive Brain Research 24 (2005): 117-126.
- Zanto, T. P., et al. “Neural Correlates of Rhythmic Expectancy.” Advances in Cognitive Psychology 2, nos. 2-3 (2006): 221-231.
- Schachner, A., et al. “Spontaneous Motor Entrainment to Music in Multiple Vocal Mimicking Species.” Current Biology 19, no. 10 (May 26, 2009): 1-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.061. Also see published supplemental data and results.
- Cariani, Peter. “Temporal Codes, Timing Nets, and Music Perception.” J New Music Res 30, no. 2 (2002): 107-136.
- Leman, Marc. “An Auditory Model of the Role of Short-term Memory in Probe-tone Ratings.” Music Perception 17, no. 4 (2000): 481-510.
- Darwin, C. J., and R. P. Carlyon. “Auditory Grouping.” In Handbook of Perception and Cognition: Hearing . Edited by B. C. J. Moore. New York, NY: Academic Press, 1995.
- Deutsch, Diana. “The Processing of Pitch Combinations.” Chapter 10 in Deutsch . [course text]
- Leman, Marc, ed. Music, Gestalt, and Computing . Proceedings of Joint International Conference on Cognitive and Systematic Musicology (Bruges, Belgium 1996.) New York, NY: Springer, 1997. ISBN: 9783540635260.
- Bhattacharya, J., et al. “Long-Range Synchrony in the γ Band: Role in Music Perception.” The Journal of Neuroscience 21, no. 16 (August 15, 2001): 6329-6337.
- Peretz, I., and M. Coltheart. “Modularity of Music Processing.” Nature Neuroscience 6, no. 7 (July 2003): 688-691.
- Samson, S., and R. J. Zatorre. “Contribution of the Right Temporal Lobe to Musical Timbre Discrimination.” Neuropsychologia 32, no. 2 (1994): 231-240.
- Tramo, Mark Jude. “Music of the Hemispheres.” Science 291 (2001): 54-56.
- Tramo, Mark Jude, Gaurav D. Shah, and Louis D. Braida. “The Functional Role of Auditory Cortex in Frequency Processing and Pitch Perception.” J Neurophysiol 87 (2002): 122-139.
- Zatorre, R. J., A. C. Evans, and E. Meyer. “Neural Mechanisms underlying Melodic Perception and Memory for Pitch.” The Journal of Neuroscience 14, no. 4 (1994): 1908-1919.
- Moore B. C. J. An Introduction to the Psychology of Hearing . 5th ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2003. ISBN: 9780125056281.
- Patel, A. D., I. Peretz, M. J. Tramo, and R. Labreque. “Processing Prosodic and Musical Patterns: A Neuropsychological Investigation.” Brain and Language 61 (1998): 123-144.
- Bernstein, Leonard. The Unanswered Question . Norton Lectures, 1974. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006. ISBN: 9780674920019. [Also available in video and audio formats.]
- Lerdahl, F. Tonal Pitch Space . New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN: 9780195058345.
- ———. “The Capacity for Music: What is it, and What’s Special About it?” Cognition 100 (2006): 33-72.
- Bigand, E. “Contributions of Music to Research on Human Auditory Cognition.” Chapter 8 in McAdams and Bigand . [course text]
- Koelsch, S., et al. “Music, Language and Meaning: Brain Signatures of Semantic Processing.” Nature Neuroscience 7, no. 3 (March 2004): 302-307.
- Meyer, Leonard B. Emotion and Meaning in Music . University of Chicago, IL: Chicago, 1961. ISBN: 9780226521398.
- Fitch, W. T. “The Biology and Evolution of Music: A Comparative Perspective.” Cognition 100 (2006): 173-215.
- Hauser, M. D., and J. McDermott. “The Evolution of the Music Faculty: A Comparative Perspective.” Nature Neuroscience 6, no. 7 (July 2003): 663-668.
- Hannon, E. E., and S. P. Johnson. “Infants Use Meter to Categorize Rhythms and Melodies: Implications for Musical Structure Learning.” Cognitive Psychology 50 (2005): 354-377.
- Hannon, E. E., and S. E. Trehub. “Tuning in to Musical Rhythms: Infants Learn More Readily than Adults.” PNAS 102, no. 35 (August 30, 2005): 12639-12643.
- Phillips-Silver, J., and L. J. Trainor. “Feeling the Beat: Movement Influences Infant Rhythm Perception.” Science 308 (June 3, 2005): 1430.
- Trainor, L. J. “Are There Critical Periods for Musical Development?” Developmental Psychology 46, no. 3 (2005): 262-278.
- Trainor, L. J., and S. E. Trehub. “A Comparison on Infants’ and Adults’ Sensitivity to Western Musical Structure.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 18, no. 2 (1992): 394-402.
- Trehub, S. E. “Infants’ Perception of Musical Patterns.” Perception and Psychophysics 41, no. 4 (1987): 635-641.
- ———. “The Developmental Origins of Musicality.” Nature Neuroscience 6, no. 7 (July 2003): 669-673.
- Trehub, S. E., and E. E. Hannon. “Infant Music Perception: Domain-general or Domain-specific Mechanisms?” Cognition 100 (2006): 73-99.
- Rentfrow, P. J., and S. D. Gosling. “The Do Re Mi’s of Everyday Life: The Structure and Personality Correlates of Music Preferences.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 no. 6 (2003): 1236-1256.
- Clarke, Eric F. “Generativity, Mimesis and the Human Body in Music Performance.” Contemporary Music Review 9, parts 1 and 2 (1993): 207-219.
- Pressing, J. “Psychological Constraints on Improvisational Expertise and Communication.” Chapter 2 in The Course of Performance: Studies in the World of Musical Improvisation . Edited by B. Nettl, and M. Russell. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998, pp. 47-67. ISBN: 9780226574110.
Sources
- Course catalogue ↗Historical OpenCourseWare
- MIT OCW syllabus ↗
- MIT OCW readings ↗
- Historical MIT OpenCourseWare offering. Named reading entries and schedule topics are automatically extracted from the linked source pages.